An
investigation into the causes, effect and remedies to mental illnesses and
social malady
A
CASE STUDY OF MOBA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EKITI STATE
ABSTRACT
At the time of depressed economy, the instincts of
survival have become very acute and these have stimulated all facts or leading
at time of titled and disturbed physical, mental states of an individual in the
society. It is therefore a contemporary issue to learn how to maintain normal
physical, mental, social health in order to achieve an equilibrium that will
keep every individual on the positive rather than the negative side of mental
and social plane within the society. This research will be focused on the
issues which are so important on modern technological and stressful society
mental and social health. Therefore, there is need to understand the nature of
mental and social illness the causes of mental illness problem, individual
reactions to mental stress and how to cope with manage or prevent every day
mental illness problems. In the present age cannot be over emphasis.
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Mental illness is a condition is
produced as a result of disturbed human relationships. It is regarded by both
Adolf Meyer and Sigmund Freud as personality reaction rather that a disease
because they feel that the life history and change of circumstance, (vicissitucls)
of the individual were important etiological factors mental illness is an
important public health problem which affects quite a large population of
Nigeria today a through only those which are serious are easily noticed. It has
to do with individual everyday life, means the way people get along with people
in the families at school, at the work place and at play with associates.
Also, it deals with the way an
individual harmonizes his desires, ambition abilities, ideals, feeling and his
conscience in order to meet the demands of life as he/she face it. It probably
affects more people than all other disease put together in developed. And less
developed societies of the community. A good number of hospitable in most
Nigeria urban area are occupied by mentality ill patient. Also some individuals
who are not in hospital are known to have mental and emotional disturbances
severe enough to make their relationship with other people extremely difficult.
It is possible that most individual will experience in their life time of some
degree of mental illness. Most mentally ill person are normal at birth but are
exposed to mentally unhealthy environments. Therefore, mental illnesses are
dependent on degree to which a person exhibits certain behavioral patterns of
mentally ill patient. Normal or abnormal differences of the people on the
society are even among group within the same society. Normal and abnormal
reported the findings of Sigmund Freud, and Adolf Meyer severe to suggest a
range of behavior of the people. However they may benefit from mental health
therapy to help them better adjust to live and cope with its problems. It
mental illness is therefore, considered in its broadest. Sense, the number of
victims including those suffering from some serious mental and nervous disorder
could be quite phenomenal, but helping mentally ill patient to live his or her
own life to its fullest potentials.
1.1 BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY.
Mental illness is an important
public health which effect quite a large population of Nigeria and particularly
which primitive living condition is the order of the day (Moba community
inclusive). In most mental illness condition man is either sole or principal
host of the cause of mental illness arises from lack of adequate social
amenities, like water, electricity, telephone and craziness for wealth at all
cost by the people including widespread and destructive problem as divorce,
alcoholism drug mouse crime and even accident. Also psychological and
physiological factor precisely causes of disease in order tranches of medicine
such as tumors infection, vitamins nutritional deficiencies emotional upset/
disturb, stress and fatigue etc. has been found capable of producing mental illness.
It will derive the frantic effort of government health services. Therefore, the
conclusion of this will sense as a guide for finding, lasting preventing
measures against cause of mental illness and social malady in our society.
1.2 STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM
Despite the increase level of the
campaign and awareness of nutritional Hygiene. Personal hygiene promoting
maintenance and utilization of social amenities towards reduction of mental
illness especially through the means of mass media etc.. it is discovered that
almost average of the local government are still not aware (educated) about
mental illness. To curb this menace of mental illness, here emerge the study of
an investigation of the causes and remedies of mental illness of social malady.
1.3 STATEMENT
OF PURPOSE
Mental illness services are leading
the transformation of the mental health field through our authentic vision for
self directly recovery our vision of recovery goes behold treatment, because it
is about all the element that goes into good lives, housing education, job,
social relationship and full participation in to community our vision was
echoed into new freedom mental illness will recover
Our national coalition of
organization representing people who are recovering or have recovered purpose a
new census for the mental health field
1.
Recovery:
Recovery is real and possible for everyone to recover rights, allow us to make
choices and provide assistance with or real-life; self defined needs, consumer
run and operated programs.
2.
Self determination: Self determination is essential for recovery to
occur; we need to be in control of our own life.
3.
Personhood:
We are whole human beings, and will campaign to remove stigma and discrimination,
we have the same dream, as all member of the community and ability to make our
decision, a barrier for community is one free discrimination or stigma
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
This research study gives the
researcher the opportunity to acquire more knowledge on the looks between
mental health and social illness. It is also made it possible to know some of
the various causes and effects of mental illness especially on his health and
the people living in study area at large.
It also made the researcher to know
on the possible solution/ remedy measure that can be adopted in the prevention
of mental illness. This research work provided some knowledge to the general
public in the study area on the relationship between mental illness and social
malady its public health importance and advise effect on people in the study
area how to cope, prevent, control, lesson mental illness through adequate
preventive measure since the health of any nation is directly proportional to
here, citizen general state of health.
I.
To improve
promote the maintain nutritional standard (value) in the reduction of mental
illness
II.
To know the
population level of the people living with mental illness
III.
To know the
impact of both government and non-governmental agencies in the reduction of
mental illness.
1.5 JUSTIFICATION
OF THE STUDY
The view that mental illness is a
myth is emphatically opposed, the justification for mental illness, it promotes
social control based on unproven claims for physical cause of mental illness,
mental illness involves theories of the mind, theories of the causes of mental
disorder, classification scheme’s for those disorder research about those
illness, proven into new treatment and a number of profession whose job it is
to work with or in behalf of people with mental illness, the philosophical
study of ethical, metaphysical, social and epistemological issues that arises
in these aspect of psychiatry central to this study in the nature of mental
illness.
The connection between philosophical
issue is the study and treatment of mental illness and these other areas of philosophy
is in many causes obvious and whether it can be given a scientific or
objectives definition, or whether normative and subjective element are
essential to our concept of mental illness one desideratum for a successful
definition of mental is that it will settle debates over particular purported
mental illness.
1.6 BROAD
OBJECTIVE
Assist
people with mental illness in leading more productive and auto nous lifestyles
and to promote mental health through service, advocacy and education
OBJECTIVE
1. Sieves will be based on sound therapist knowledge
and individualized to the specific needs and desire to the consumer and their
families.
2. Services will promote consumer and family
participation
3. All service functions will be founded on treating
consumer with respect and dignity
GOAL 2
Maintain
financial performance necessary further continuing provision of quality service
OBJECTS
1.
Assure the
direct service quotas are not.
2.
Reduce
disruption of service and expenses associated with staff turnover through the
use of appropriate hiring, supervision and on-going in-service training
GOAL
3
Seek
additional federal, state and local finding for support and the expansion of
services to individuals served by mental health association of Moba Local
Government
OBJECTIVE
1. Apply for grant as appropriate in order to provide
services for our consumer
2. Apply for federal service grants as appropriate to
support the expansion of service.
GOAL 4
Strive to assure that consumer receive service that
are individual based
OBJECTIVES
1.
Attempt to
maintain consumer participation rate in the day programme to enhance consumer
goal attainment
2.
Co-operate with
other mental health providers in planning for the development of additional
service opportunities to meet consumer needs.
1.7 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Another general
misunderstanding about mental retardation truly mental retardation occur for a
verity of reason that are physical the origin but the condition does not
suggest mental illness brain damage resulting in mental retardation may occur
prior to birth or during the birth process metabolic insufficiencies may also
result in retardation, however this is not mental illness, the mentally
retarded individual in unstable.
Mental
illness are dependent on the degree is which a person exhibits certain behavioral
patterns of mentally ill patients
The
mentally retarded individual is unable to learn to varying degree the mentally
ill parson is intellectually able, but is unable to cope and adjust to the
world around him.
Some
mental health authorities’ prefer to describe mental illness as an emotional
illness rather than amatol one. In this way they avoid any misunderstanding in
respect of mental retardation and mental illness. Mental illness can be best
being seen as a complete understanding of one’s behavior and motivations. The
mentally healthy person, therefore, know what he is doing and why he is doing
it. According to certain authorities in this area, mental health can only be
achieved or promoted by the recognition and prevention of emotional disorder
before they have become serious threats to one’s mental well-being. Once these
emotional disorders have go out of out hand, mental health can be restored in
most cases through early detection, treatment and rehabilitation.
2.2 MENTAL ILLNESS AND ADJUSTMENT TO SOCIETY
Some
authorities, particularly psychiatrists indicates that a normal person is who
can get along-physically, emotionally socially in the society in which he/she
lives for instance, such person is able to earn his living feed, clothe and
himself and make friends and keep them. The mentally ill person is the one who
cannot do these thing, he cannot adjust to his society they may not be able to
hold a job. He may be unable to cope with the demand of daily life they may
have such trouble with personal relationships that he avoids people in the
society.
The
above approach defined mental illness as the one most often used by personal in
the mental health care field. It is valuable in that is actress’s ability to
function rather than a standard of behavior. There are however, problems with
this approach. If a society has gone wrong it may be sign of health not to be
able to adjust to it. Thus people who find it impossible to function in cruel
or repressive society. For example, may be the healthiest ones in it on the
whole there is need for caution as we have seen. Therefore, we should be very
caution have about judging a person to be mentally ill. If a person behaves in
a way do not understand, he or she is not necessarily mentally disturbed. We mail
all behaves a littlest strange in order stress. In addition, mild disturbances
are quite.
2.3 FACTOR LEADING AND CONTRIBUTING TO MENTAL
ILLNESS
These
are various factors leading to mental illness which includes the following;
1.
Financial
problem/ constraints
2.
Sexual problem
(sex)
3.
Lack of
emotional adjustment
4.
Problem of drug abuse/ misuse
5.
Poor
interpretation relation
6.
Lack of social
adjustment
7.
Excessive
alcoholic consumption
8.
Problem of
victimization
9.
Scholastic
difficulties
10.
Anxiety over
employment
11.
Loneliness
12.
Desire for
marriage
13.
Family problem (
pronouncing parental and home situation)
14.
Lack of definite
choice of career
15.
Inadequacy of
basic service and facilities
16.
Frustration
17.
Stress and
fatigue
18.
Lack of job
satisfaction
19.
Lack of job (
unemployment)
20.
Lack of job
security
2.4 THE
SCOPE OF MENTAL ILLNESS
In many societies mental illness is
an important public health concern. It may be estimated in which. Nigerians may
now be needing some from of treatment for mental health problem mental illness
may arises, judging from lack of adequate social amenities like water,
electricity, telephone and craziness for wealth at all cost by Nigerians. This
situation is causing a tremors amount of stress which may cause mental problem
and perhaps shorten life span of individual victims for over street.
Many social problems have emphasized
psychological problem as the cause. These include such widespread and
destruction problems as delinquency, divorce, alcoholism, drug crime and even
accidents. The economic cost of mental illness to our society may in future be
very great of adequate prevention measure it’s not just embarking on people
suffering from mental illness alone but they may lose everything that make life
worth living, happiness, love, achievement, motivation, creativity and personal
relationship.
2.5 THE
ORIGIN OF MENTAL ILLNESS
The origin of all types of mental
illness, generally such disorder are through to result from failure to satisfy
emotional needs (that is psychological in origin) for example, in the case of
schizophrenia also known as dementia praecox. Since schizophrenia is the
leading type of mental illness for which patients are out in hospitals and
institutions, it is pathetic circumstances that we must treat this illness
without knowing its fundamental cause
2.6 TYPES
OF MENTAL ILLNESS
There are many different conditions
that are recognized as mental illness. The more common types include:
A.
Anxiety disorder:
People with anxiety disorders respond to certain objectives or situations with
fear and dread as well as with physical beat and sweating. Anxiety disorder
include generalized anxiety disorder, post traumatic, stress disorder (PTSD)
obsessive, compulsive disorder (DCD) panic disorder social anxiety disorder and
specific phobias.
B.
Mood disorder:
These disorders also called effective disorder involve persistent feeling of
sadness or periods of feeling over happy or fluctuation from extreme happiness
extreme sadness the depression, mania and bipolar disorder.
C.
Psychotic disorder: Psychotic disorder involve health education and
promotion in order in distorted awareness and thinking two of the most common
symptoms psychotic disorder are hallucinations. The experience of images or
sound those are not real-such as hearing voice and delusion which are false
beliefs that the ill person accepts as true, despite evidence to the contrary.
Schizophrenia is an example of a psychotic disorder
D.
Eating disorder:
Eating disorder involves extreme emotions attitudes and behavior involving
weight and food. Anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa and eating disorder are the
most common eating disorders
E.
Impulse control and addition disorder: People with impulse control disorder are unable to
resist urges or impulses to performs act that could be harmful to themselves
and others pyromania stating fires) kleptomania (stealing) and alcohol and
compulsive garbing are example of impulse control disorder. Alcohols are drugs
common object of additions often. People with these disorder become so involved
with the object of their addiction that they begin to ignore responsibilities
and relationship
F.
Personality disorder: People with personality disorder have extreme and
inflexible personality traits that are distressing to the person and or cause
problem in work school or social relationships. In addition the person patterns
of thinking and behavior significantly different from the expectation of
society and are so rigid that they interfere. With the person normal
functioning example include unsocial personally disorder obsessive compulsive
personality disorder and paranoid personally disorder.
Other less common types of mental illness include;
G. Adjustment
disorder: Adjustment disorder occur when a person develop emotional or behavior
symptoms in response to a stressful event or situation. These stresses may
include natural disasters, such as earthquake for tornado event or crisis such
as car accidents or the diagnosis of a major illness or interpretation
problems. Such as divorce death of a loved one loss of job or problem with
substance abuse adjustment disorder usually begins within three months of the
event or situation and end within six months. After the stress stop or it’s
eliminated.
H. Dissociated
disorder: People with these disorder suffer severe disturbance or changes
in memory consciousness identify and general awareness of themselves and their
surroundings. These disorder usually are associated with overwhelming stress,
which may be result of traumatic events, accidents or disaster that may be
experienced or witnessed by the individual, dissociative identify disorder
formerly called multiple personality or “spilt” personality and depersonalized
disorder are example of dissociative disorder.
I. Facetious disorder: Factitious disorder
is condition in which physical and or emotion symptoms are created in order to
place individual in the role of a patient or person in need of help.
J. Sexual and
garden disorder: These include disorder that effect sexual desire.
Performance and behavior, sexual dysfunction gentler identify disorder, and the
paraphilias are example of sexual and gentler disorder.
K. Soma to
Form: A person with a soma to form disorder formed known as psychosomatic
disorder, experience physical symptoms of an illness even through a doctor can
find no medical cause for the symptom.
2.7 CAUSES OF MENTAL ILLNESS
There
are many causes of mental illness, however the causes of mental illness may be
social, physical (emotional) and psychological some mental illnesses are the
result of physical changes in the brain structure or in other parts of the
nervous system. These changes may be caused by disease. Injury or age etc.
These are various causes’ mental illness as the following.
1.
Social causes
2.
Physical causes
3.
Psychological
cause.
SOCIAL CAUSE OF MENTAL ILLNESS
There
are various causes of mental illness. These include money problem, problem of
sex etc.
I.
Money problem:
Traditionally the man is considered the bread winner. He is accepted to make
money available for the family food. Even through these days when it has become
expedient for the woman to take on some kind of job either fulfill her
professional goal or to supplement the family food beget the man is expected to
carry the bulk of the family food bill.
II.
Problem of sex:
Most matrimonial quarrels probably result from sexual relationship between the
husband and wife attitude and feelings. Although it is known that some woman
are highly strong sexually but these are for and between when compared with
men. If a woman is compelled to have sexual intercourse when she is not
physiological and emotionally ready. She is left in a state of mental and
physical fortune, long after the man has attained the ecstasy of intercourse
and is soundly asleep the woman tosses herself around the bed trying to find
sleep and never comes there leading a sleepless night.
III.
Physical causes of mental illness: There are many physical causes of mental illness
among these are communicable disease nutritional deficiencies, accident
involving the brain nervous system or other part of the body, severe anemia the
use of certain drug alcohol, glandular disturbance allergies, poor heredity and
also a great deal of other factors.
IV.
Physical defect:
Can also produce emotional problem in an indirect way for instance, facial
defects, protruding ears may cause children to become exceedingly self
conscious in the presence of ridicule from other children.
V.
Nutritional deficiencies: Many sometimes cause a serious impairment of the
stability of the mood and emotions for instance, a deficiency of vitamin B
complex in perhaps more closely linked to nervous disorder that most other food
element.
VI.
The occurrence
of accidents as one of the leading public health problem has brought an
increase in the number of injuries to the brain and control system. Severe head
injuries always carry the possibility of permanent damage which may change the
personality to a distressing extent.
VII.
The excessive
consumption of alcohol over a long period of time may damage the brain as well
as other part of the body. Sometimes in a direct manner. Usually however. It is
the nutritional deficiency that causes damage rather than and direct action of
the alcohol.
VIII.
Psychological causes of mental illness: Much mental illness seems too originated in the
mind and tends to centre on problems of getting along with order people. In
other words friction in human relationships is to create acute emotional
disorder.
A. Situation
that create feeling of quite confusion and anxiety depression obsession fantasy
and suspicious are usually complicated by the personality structure of the
person involved in such symptoms.
B. Fear or
anxiety is a reflection of insecurity which may be base primary upon an
environmental situation or primary upon an apprehensive nervous often than not
it is the inter play between the creates the anxiety. However, it impossible as
had shown in certain cases from the mind because the individual, it not fully
aware that most people sometimes have unwholesome feelings aware that most
people or impulses.
C. Depressions
and anxiety represent the most frequent types of emotional reactions.
Depression of course may come from physiological changes in the body chemistry
or from what goes or mind.
D. Confusion
suspicious and fantasy are symptoms of mental illness that should not be
neglected. There is always a fantasy reaction indicates a flight reality in
which a make believe life is substituted for genuine events fantasies usually
occur only in the mental patient who is seriously ill and needs prolonged
medical and psychiatric attention many types of behavior including tension
anxiety aggressions resentment, may arise from psychological reaction to
conditions and circumstance in the
immediate family or group in which child or adults experience none or
few of the basic emotional needs in such situations it is not suppressing that
the emotional development of the divide may be defective. The following points
illustrate other causes of mental illness.
I.
Psychosis:
Psychosis is mental in which the individual is completely out of touch with
reality at least part of the time, the victim is no longer able to cope with
the outside world, therefore the legal term for psychosis is insanity.
II.
Nevrosis:
Nevrosis are major classification of mental disorder nevrosis are less severe
that psychosis, but they do affect the lives of many individuals. A person with
a nevrosis is referred to as being nevrotic. A nevrotic individual may suffer
from a variety of emotional and physical symptoms. The causes of a nevrosis is
psychological but may also produce physical symptoms as followed.
1.
Tension
2.
Fear
3.
Extreme nervousness
4.
Compulsiveness
5.
Depression
6.
Anxiety and
indecision
III. Psychomatic
disease: Mind and body are very closed related what affects one also
affects the other. Psychomatic disease are real the neurotic person feel
physically ill. Some psychomatic disorder includes the following;
1.
High, blood
pressure
2.
Ulcers
3.
Asthma
4.
Headaches
5.
Diarrhea
Psychomatic
disorder therefore, leads to this following.
a. Anxiety: May be defined as emotional reaction to a fear of
someone or something. This type of anxiety become a neurosis when the fear is;
1.
Intense and out
of perspective
2.
Affect one’s
behavior
3.
Cannot be
controlled by individual
b. Depression: One become depressed because of someone or
something, that seriously affected one’s life in this type of depression,
individual does not usually feel that he or she is hopeless as a person;
however he or she may experience great fatigue, inability to concentrate and
loss of appetite etc.
c. Phobias: Phobias is a strong fear that completely dominates
a person’s life almost everyone is afraid of certain things one may be afraid
of dog’s and lavatory.
1.
Personality disorder: Personality or character disorders are another
classification of mental illness. A person who have personality disorder.
Deviates from the “norm” to an extent where it affects individual and the
society in which he/she lives.
A.
One type of personality disorders is the use
of drug dependence both the drug addict and the alcoholic fit into the category
these individual have difficulty in coping with life without. These drugs and
their additions in many case, affect the family as well as the society.
B.
A delinquency is
another type of personality disorder. The delinquent individual is one who has
anti social reactions such reactions include. All types of crime cheating
lying, and fighting the delinquent has little retards for the person or
property of other and trend to do what he to do when how want to do it.
C.
Suicide: suicide
or attempted suicide is a definitive sign of mental illness. Suicide can be
simple defined as the taking of one’s own life. People commit suicide often
exhibit self destructive symptoms prior to suicide. Deeply depressed individual
often become suicidal .symptoms of self destruction behavior include the following.
I.
Overeating
II.
Over work
III.
Heavy smoking
IV.
Humorous other
“often tempting” situation
Other reason for
suicide are linked with finances position and marital status, studies have
indicated that whether individual are more prone to suicide than those who are
less affluent one explanation for this may be that wealth people are not used
to failure and financial setback.
2.8 EFFECT
OF MENTAL ILLNESS
On individual and population: in
2002 of the estimate 450million people worldwide living with mental or behavior
al disorder. 90million were drug or alcohol dependent 25million suffered from
schizophrenia and 15million had depression through most efforts to improve
global mental health focus on improving care for individual living with
psychological disorder the WHO. Stresses that a comprehensive definition of
mental health should extend behold the absence or presence of diagnosable
psychological disorder to include “subjective well-being” perceived
self-efficacy, autonomy competence intergeneration dependence and recognition
of the ability to realize one’s intellectual and emotional potential.
Mental health has profound effects
on an individual’s quality of life, physical and social well-beings, and
economic productivity because psychological disorder also effect families and
communities of the mental illness or individual patient and social system is
necessary for the improvement of mental
health care systems and the development of effective mental health care
delivery programs.
ü On the patient: Individual with psychological disorder is not
greater risk for decreased quality of life. Educational difficulties however
productively and poverty, social problems vulnerability to abuse and additional
health problems. Education is often comprised when early onset mental disorders
prevent individuals from completing their education or successfully pursuing a
career, Kessler (1995) found that individuals with a psychological disorder
were significantly less likely to complete high school enter college or receive
a college degree. Compared to their peers without mental illness. In addition
psychological disorders result in lowered individual productivity due to
unemployment missed work and reduced productivity at work. A 2001 study found
that five to six million workers aged 16 to 54 years ‘loss’ fail to seek, or
cannot find employment due to mental illness of mental ill individuals who were
employed mental illness was estimated to reduced their annual income .reduced
earning and decreased employment potential put mentally ill individual at an
increased risk of poverty. As Lund et al (2011) explain, mental illness and
poverty “interact” in a negative cycle in which poverty acts as a risk factor
of mental illness and mental illness increased the risk that individuals will
drift into or remain in poverty.
ü On family/care
givers: The burden of caring
for a mentally ill individual often falls on the patients immediate family or
relatives families and care givers of individuals with psychological disorders
are often unable to work at full-capacity due to the demands of caring for a
mentally ill individual leading to decreased economic output and a reduction in
household income loss of income and the financial cost of caring for a mentally
ill person put there households at an increased risk of poverty.
Family
member may also experience significant and chronic stress due to the emotional
and physical challenges of caring for a mentally ill family member.
2.9 TREATMENT
OF MENTAL ILLNESS
Mental illness can be treated, when
someone first start to develop symptoms of mental illness. Many health personnel
are involves in the treatment or mental and emotional disorder and disease who
have student for many years the question to where people take their mental and
emotional disorder, point out that they take them not only to the psychiatrist
who are medically trained but also to clinical psychologist, psychoanalysts,
social workers, minister of churches, priests marriage, counsetors fortune
tellers, traditional doctor and miscellaneous assortment of self appointed
export.
Treatment depends on the type of mental
illness you have its severity and what work best for you. In many causes a
combination of treatments work best
TREATMENT TEAM;
The treatment
team includes;
1. Family or
primary care doctor
2. Nurse practitioner
3. Physician assistant
4. Psychiatrist a medical doctor who diagnoses and
treats mental illness
5. Pharmacist
6. Social workers
7. Family members
8. Psychotherapist such as a psychologist or a licensed
counselor
MEDICATION
Illness
although psychiatric medication doesn’t mental illness they can often
significantly improves symptoms. Psychiatric medication can also help make
other treatment, such as psychotherapy, more effective the best medications for
you will be depend on your particular situation and how your body responds to
the medication. Some of the most commonly used classes of prescription mental
illness medications include:
1.
Antidepressants: Antidepressant are
used to treat depression anxiety and sometimes other condition they can help
improve symptoms such as sadness, anxiety hopelessness lack of energy,
difficulty concentrating and lack of interest in activities. Antidepressants
are not additive and do not cause dependency.
2.
Anti-anxiety medication: These are
used to treat anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder and panic
disorder. They may also help reduce agitation and insomnia long term anxiety
medications consist mostly of anti depressants that also work for anxiety. They
also are fast acting anti-anxiety medication, which help with short- term
relief but they have the potential to cause dependency and ideally would be
used short term.
3.
Mood-stabilizing medication: Mood
stabilizers are most commonly used to treat bipolar, which involves alternating
episodes of mania and depression.
4.
Antipsychotic-medication: Antipsychotic
medication also called narcoleptics are typically used to treat psychotic
disorder such as schizophrenia-antipsychotic medications may also be used to
treat bipolar, disorder or used with antidepressants to treat depression.
SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT
Substance abuse commonly occurs
along with mental illness, often it interference with treatment and worsen
mental illness, substance abuse treatments includes.
1. Psychotherapy : To learn more about
your condition and gain insight, is also the art and science of treating mental
and emotional disease and disease through changing ideas and emotion thus
bringing about a more favourable psychic equilibrium
2. Medications: Which may help ease with
drawl symptoms or reduce cravings.
3. Impatient Treatment: Such as withdrawal
(detox) treatment.
4. Outpatient Treatment Program: Which
require regular attendance for a set period of time?
2.10 PREVENTION
OF MENTAL ILLNESS
Mental illness can be prevented and
many symptoms of mental illness are easily recognizable to trained personnel in
their early stage. Too many lay people are unaware of these symptoms in
themselves and other until it is too late.
1) Mental illness must be considered not only a
personal problem but also a family, community and public health problem. Friend
and relatives can play a vital role in playing a disturbed individual to
overcome his emotional and mental problems.
2) The prevention of mental illness is related to some
of the factor concerning personality development and emotional growth and health.
Mental illness is ofter all and illness not a shame or disgrace. All in all
security and love a re-essential to prevention of mental illness.
3) Increase awareness about how to promote mental
health prevents mental illness and suicide wherever possible and reduce stigma.
4) Create mentally health workplace.
5) Increase the capacity of older adults families, care
setting and communities promote mental health later in life prevent mental
illness and suicide wherever possible and intervene early when problem first
emerge.
6) Increase the capacity of families caregivers,
schools post-secondary institution and community organizations to promote the
mental health of infants, children and youth, prevent mental illness and
suicide whatever possible and intervene early when problems first emerge.
2.11 EFFECT OF MENTAL ILLNESS RELATED STIGMA AND
DISCRIMINATION
Mental illness stigma is defined as
the deviling disgracing and disfavoring by the general public of individual
with mental illness. Stigma often leads to decimation on the in equitable
treatment of individual and the deprival of the rights and responsilities that
accompany full citizenship.
Stigmatization can cause individual
discrimination, which occur when a stigmatized person is directly derived a
resource (e.g. access to housing on a job) and structural discrimination, which
describes disadvantages stigmatized people experience at the economic, social
legal and institutional level.
In 2001 the world health
organization (WHO) indentified stigma and discrimination toward mental ill
individuals as “the single most important barrier to overcome in the community
and the WHO’S mental health global action programmes (MHGAP) cited advocacy
against stigma and discriminating as one of its fore (one strategies for
improving that state of global mental health)
Cultural perspectives on mental
illness attitude toward mental illness vary among individual families,
ethnicities, culture, and countries cultural and religion teachings other
influence beliefs about the origins and nature of mental illness and shape
attitude towards the mentally ill. In addition to influencing whether mentally
ill individuals experience social stigma, beliefs about mental illness can
affect pattern’s readiness and willingness to seek and adhere to treatment.
Therefore, understanding individual
and cultural belief about mental illness is essential for the implementation of
effective approaches to mental health care. Although each individuals
experience with mental illness is unique, the following studies often a sample
of cultural perspectives on mental illness
v Bailey et al (2011) also report negative attitudes
towards health care professional among many African, American, noting that
stigma religions, beliefs, distrust of the medical profession and communication
barriers may contribute to African, American’s wall awareness of mental health
services.
v A review of ethnic cultural beliefs and mental
illness stigma by Abdullah et al (2011) highlights the wide range of cultural
belief surrounding mental health for instance, while some American, Indian
tribes do not stigmatize mental illness other stigmatize one some mentally
illness and other tribes stigmatize all mental illness.
2.12 MANAGEMENT
OF MENTAL ILLNESS
The degree of disturbance
experienced by psychiatric causes may vary from child neurotic reactions to a
severe psychotic state. When the incapacitation is much less as to allow the
patient go about his/her business he/she may be treated on the outpatient,
basis whereby he reports to the hospital for evaluation and drug prescription
periodically. But when the incapacitation is sufficiently great, it become
necessary to remove the patient and hospitalize him where he will not be able
to harm himself or other.
Several health workers are involved
in psychiatric treatment these include the following.
1)
Psychiatrist:
A medical doctor holding a medical degree from the approved medical school,
after the general medical qualification he then undergoes additional year of
specialist study in psychiatic.
2)
Clinical psychologist: A person who has raining in clinical psychology. He
is trained in the theory and techniques of research and in psychological
treatment and evaluation. Like a psychiatrist, he is qualified in this office
or in a hospital
3)
Psychiatric social workers: The psychiatric social worker in close touch with
the patient and the patient’s family. He attempts to help the family
understand, what is happening to their loved ones and helps the patients in the
community when he is ready to go home. He also monitors the patient progress
while at home.
4)
Occupational and recreational therapist: An occupational therapist teaches patient to knit,
weave, draw, paint and make things. The recreational therapist arranges sport
activities entertainment and social events for the patient.
5)
Psychiatric nurse:
A psychiatric nurse is a registered nurse with special training in caring for
the probably, moral closely associated with the daily lives of patient than
other member of the hospital staff. Her observation is valuable to both the
psychiatric and clinical psychologist.
PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL PERSONNEL
Effective
service in any psychiatric hospital requires that patient be given sufficient
time and attention only in the well run adequately staffed psychiatric hospital
can patients be given more time and attention than in ordinary over crowded
institutions operating on a limited budget. They are all oriented as a term to
help patient to understand themselves better and eventually to reach and
improved level of personal adjustment so that they can gain function on the
outside of the institutions. The psychiatrist, the psychologist the
psychiatric, nurse and the trained psychiatric attendants are all essential
personnel required in the good and well win psychiatric hospital.
Effective
rehabilitation of psychiatric patients is fundamental for complete recovery and
integration into the community. No rehabilitation exercise succeeds unless the
society to which a discharge psychiatric patient is prepared to assist him or
get him accepted as a useful member. For too often societal attitude and
unconscious massage of resection of discharge mental patient has done so much
in being such victim back to the original problem that sent him to the mental
institution in the first instance.
TRADITIONAL PSYCHIATRIC HOME
A traditional psychiatric home provides an
alternative a venue for the treatment of mentally deranged individuals. These
homes have been in business in this country before the event or the orthodox
mental health institution.
The objective
of the method used is basically similar that of effecting cure in the patient
but the method are vastly different.
Chaining
and restriction of movements are used and also in orthodox psychiatric
treatment not to drive away devil and spirit but to make the patients sober.
And bring them to a reality before counseling and chemotherapy chaining is also
necessary especially in violent case so as to prevent possible harm to the
patients self and or to other person.
2.13 WHAT IS
NEEDED TO IMPROVE MENTAL ILLNESS IN NIGERIA
All
societies of the world should be concerned and be aware of mental health and
mental illness of the people in their objectives area. Strains and stress,
occasioned by economic and matrimonial problems are some of the major causes of
mental disorder in Nigeria society. The increase permissiveness of the society
and easy accessibility of dangerous drug such as cocaine by adults and youth
and adult several measure are needed to improve the level of “mental health” is
proposed to reduce mental illness in the society key points for the improvement
of mental health and the prevention of mental illness for a learnt its
disabling affect are briefly summarized improving mental health care.
A.
Goals
B.
Strategies
C.
Consideration
The
world health organization (WHO) recommends on optional mix of service pyramid
in which mental health care service that cost the least and are the most
frequently needed e.g. self care and informant community care) from the base of
the pyramid while more expensive services needed by a smaller fraction of the
mentally ill population (e.g. long term in patient care facilities) are at the
top of the pyramid, to develop this mix of services. The WHO recommends that
counties should do this following;
I.
Limit of number
of mental hospital
II.
Build community
mental health service
III.
Developmental
health service in general hospital
IV.
Integrate mental
health service into primary health care
V.
Build informal
community mental health service
VI.
Promote
self-care.
Through
its mental health global programme (MIGAP) the WHO, has proposed multiple
strategies to improve mental health care delivery the four core strategies
listed by the MLGAP are:
I.
Increasing the
improving information of decision making and technology transfer to increase
country capacity
II.
Raising awareness
about mental respect and human right and less stigma
III.
Assisting
countries in designing policies and developing comprehensive and effective
mental services.
IV.
Building local
capacity for public mental health research in poor counties.
Implementing the WHO recommendations will require
investment by the global health community, including government’s donors,
multilateral agencies and consumer group.
Chisholm
et al (2007) emphasis that mental health indicators must be carefully selected
to monitor the scaling up process to ensure that countries can measure their
progress and compare the mental health care statutes to that of all indicators
to quality progress toward four recommend mental health goals;
I.
Sufficient
planning and investment of mental health care
II.
Sufficient work
force to provide mental health service
III.
Consistency of
mental health care input and processes with best practice and human right
protection
IV.
Improved outcome
for people with mental disorder
In addition the scaling up process must be accompanied
by research finding to investigate the efficiency and effectiveness of
treatment and prevention interventions of mental illness.
2.14 MENTAL
HEALTH CARE INSTITUTION IN NIGERIA
There are two kinds of mental health
care institution in Nigeria the orthodox mental health institution and the
traditional mental health institution, Boroffica (1970) documentation of
orthodox care sowed that in 1907 alienist lunatic asylum have been established
one in Yaba, Lagos and the other in Calabar. In 1945, the Abeokuta native
administration prison was converted into lantern asylum.
In the same vein in other parts of
the country, the mentally ill were kept in prisons. In accordance with the
attitude of the colonial power to the mentally ill, these asylums were located
outside the towns. The traditional mental care, loves have been in business in
the country before the advent of the orthodox care system. Thus there is a
hierarchy in the pathway to the utilization of psychiatry health care in
Nigeria, Erinosho, 1981, observable that patient utilize the services of
assorted traditional healers before
seeking care from modern health workers. To some extent one can suggest
that traditional healers complete with modern health worker in Nigeria.
It has been argued that many seek
help from traditional healer at the onset of illness because Nigeria has
greater confidence in their therapeutic skills than those of orthodox doctors.
An explanation state that many Nigerians believe disease are caused by the evil
animation of an enemy, through witchcraft or social, many patient think that
traditional healers are more competent than formally trained health workers to
treat these disease because they can counter the evil forces which are hold to
be cause of ill health.
However in orthodox practices modern
trend is strongly against asylum and hospitalization, nevertheless, certain
exigencies such as serious danger of suicide or other violence, unmanageable
condition etc. require hospitalization and other classes of patient with
extreme forms of obsessive compulsive, phobic or hysterical neurosis do better
if treatment begin hospitalization. This is precisely why the federal
government and teaching hospitals all over the country.
These are two kinds of mental health
institution are found in Nigeria.
v Mental health institution attached to general and
teaching hospital: all general and teaching have mental health units of
departments known as psychiatric units and clinics. The psychiatric units in
Nigeria’s general hospital and university teaching hospital are at various
level of development in terms of personnel experience and kind of mental health
services rendered to the community. The psychiatric clinic at the university
college hospital Ibadan is one of the oldest hospital based mental health
clinic in Nigeria. It has treated the largest number of psychiatric patients
drawn from all over the Nigerian federation.
v Autonomous mental health institution: these are
mental health institutions which are not administratively attached to bigger
health institution like those attached to general hospitals and university,
teaching, hospitals. Their service, method and function are however, similar
example of the autonomous institutions for mental health services are nevro
psychiatric hospital at Aro, Abeokuta in Ogun State the psychiatric at Yaba,
Lagos in Lagos State psychiatric hospital Enugu state and the useless
psychiatric hospitals, Benin of Edo State, all four are managed and
administered by the psychiatric hospital management board which was established
in 1979 and based in Yaba Lagos.
MENTAL HEALTH CARE SERVICE
The service rendered by the orthodox
and modern mental health institutions are basically the same excepting
differences due to availability of drugs and special expressive and skills of the psychiatric personnel.
I.
Psychiatric hospital personnel
II.
Rehabilitation
process
III.
Traditional
psychiatric home.
Leadership in mental health
Medical
doctors to whom the patient brings their health complaints must join more
vigorously in the national effect of promote mental health. They must assume
leadership is keeping their patient and their families as well as the community
at large more accurately informed about how the mentally ill persons can be
helped
v The lack of public understanding which result from
Mis-information about psychiatric illness are basic causes of rejection of the
mentally ill the failure to many programmes intended to acid them.
v Increase in the number of mental health personnel.
The country rural area needs more psychiatric clinical psychologist, and
volunteer worker in mental hospital this will go a long way in off-setting the
acute shortage of psychiatric health personnel as well as lighten the load of
the over burdened small number available personnel.
v Research in mental health and mental illness. There
is need for adequate budget allocation for research and training of personnel
in the treatment and rehabilitation of mental illness patients, research in
this area must be encouraged in our universities with medical schools, and
other mental health agencies.
v Provision of more mental health service facilities.
There is an acute shortage of facilities for the care and treatment of the
psychiatric patient. Effort must be made through budget allocations to improve
as well as expanding the existing facilities.
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
This
chapter present the method used in the study is survey method.
3.1 STUDY
DESIGN
This
research employed survey method. According to oxford learner dictionary 6th
edition (survey is an investigative of the opinions behavior etc. to a
particular group of people which is usually done through well structured
questionnaires. Samples were obtain from a targeted sample of the study area
population so as to be able to buffer the percentage of the entire population
3.2 STUDY
SETTING
For
effective coverage of the study area, people were selected randomly and well
composed or structured questionnaire were given to the respondent to
acknowledge, so as knowing their assessment of an investigation into the cause,
effect and remedies to mental illness and social malady.
3.3 SAMPLE
SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
The
samples for the study were randomly selected from the local government area of
the case study. The project sample consist of one hundred and thirty five
people (135) selected randomly. Same were directly to the educated elite and
mainly the adult who are at risks. In the end only 100 questionnaires were
collected for data analysis.
3.4 INSTRUMENT
DESIGN
The
instrument used for this study is questionnaire and the questionnaire is
segmented into two sections A and B.
Section
A: This section contains the bio-data of the respondent which are name, age,
qualification etc.
Section B: These
comprise the questions base on the subject matter.
3.5 METHOD
OF DATA COLLECTION
The
major instrument for data collection is questionnaire which is to be
administered on each sampled facility. The research personally administered the
questionnaire to the respondent in the study area. One hundred and thirty five
(135) was distributed but only (100 copies) were return by the respondent the
questionnaire by the respondent was taken as evidence.
3.6 METHOD
OF DATA ANALYSIS
The
complete questionnaire was subjected to scoring data collection was analyzed by
means of percentage shall be used for presentation of data while table will be
employed to show the analysis is of data collection in the various area.
3.8 LIMITATIONS
OF THE STUDY
This project work is limited to
academics.
1. Can you cope
with mentally ill patient? Yes { } No {
}
2.
Mentally illness
common among ------------? Youths { }
infant { }
3.
Do you agree
that mental illness can be inherited from parent?(a) agree { } (b) strongly agreed { } (c) disagree { } (d) strongly disagree { }
4.
Does mental
illness leads to increase in mentality rate in the society? Yes { } No {
}
5.
What are the
effects of mental illness to the general public lives? (a) low economic
productivity { } (b) reduction in the
quality of life { } (C) educational
difficulties { } (d) material
depression { }
6.
Are you aware of
the implications suffering from mental illness before? Yes { } No {
}
7.
Do human
sacrifices and money rituals leads to increase in mental illness? Yes { } No {
}
8.
Do governmental
and non-governmental health personnel have a great impact in reduction of
mental illness? Yes { } No { }
9.
Did you know several of preventing and
treatment method of mental illness? Yes {
} No { }
10.
If yes do you
think this method is an affordable and effective? Yes { } No {
}
11.
Can an awareness
and health education help to reduce mental illness in the society? Yes { } No {
}
12.
Is your friend
or relations suffering from mental illness before? Yes { } No {
}
13.
Do you agree
that your feeling reaction toward mentally ill patient have effect on them? (a)
agreed { } (b) strongly agreed { } (c) disagree { } (d) strongly disagree { }
14.
What are the
facts that are leading to mental illness? Sexual problem { } adjustment { } poor interpersonal relationship { } excessive alcohol consumption { }
15.
Did you know
various health personnel which are involved in the management of mental
illness? Yes { } No { }
16.
What are the
needs to improve mental health? Provision for mental health care services
{ } employment is qualified health
personnel { } training/ re-training of
health personnel { } health education
{ }
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 INTRODUCTION
This
chapter deals with presentation and analysis of data in which the result was
obtained in the course of carrying out the subject work. It includes the
presentation in statically from such as occupation, hospital setting gender and
age group.
The
result are drawn from the questionnaire, a total of one hundred question were
disturbed and eight five were collected back, while is out of 100 copies were
not return.
4.1 PRESENTATION
OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
TABLE 1: SEX OF THE RESPONDENTS
|
SEX
|
FREQUENCY
|
PERCENTAGE
|
|
Male
|
37
|
43.5
|
|
Female
|
48
|
56.5
|
|
Total
|
85
|
100
|
The
above table shown that 37% (43.5) of the respondent were male 48%(56.5) were
female.
TABLE 2: AGE OF THE RESPONDENT
|
AGE
|
FREQUENCY
|
PERCENTAGE
|
|
19-29
|
32
|
37.8
|
|
30-39
|
32
|
37.8
|
|
40-49
|
12
|
14.1
|
|
50-60
|
09
|
10.6
|
|
Total
|
85
|
100
|
The
above table reveal of the distribution of the respondent in which in which
32(37.8%) of the respondents felt within the age of 19-29, 32 (37.5%) of the
respondent felt within the age of 30-39, 32 (14.1%) felt within the age of the 40-49, while 09(10.6%) of the respondents
were felt within the age of 50-60.
TABLE 3: RELIGION STATUS OF THE RESPONDENT
|
RELIGION
|
FREQUENCY
|
PERCENTAGE
|
|
Christianity
|
51
|
69.3
|
|
Islamic
|
28
|
32.9
|
|
Traditional
|
6
|
7.1
|
|
Total
|
85
|
100
|
The
table above shown that 51(69.3%) of the respondents were Christian 28(69.3%)
were Muslim while 6(7.1%) were traditional idol worshipper.
TABLE 4: MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENT
|
MARITAL STATUS
|
FREQUENCY
|
PERCENTAGE
|
|
Single
|
24
|
28.2
|
|
Married
|
43
|
50.6
|
|
Divorced
|
04
|
4.7
|
|
Widowed
|
14
|
16.6
|
|
Total
|
85
|
100
|
The
above table reveals that 24(28.2%) of the respondents were single 43(50.6%)
were married, 04(4.7%) were divorced while 14(16.6%) were widowed
TABLE 5: EDUCATIONAL
LEVEL OF THE RESPONDENT.
|
EDUCATIONAL
LEVEL
|
FREQUENCY
|
PERCENTAGE
|
|
Literate
|
80
|
94.2
|
|
Illiterate
|
5
|
5.8
|
|
Total
|
85
|
100
|
The
table above shows that 80(94.2%) of the respondents were literate, while
5(5.8%) were illiterate.
|
OCCUPATION
|
FREQUENCY
|
PERCENTAGE
|
|
Psychiatrists
|
30
|
35.3
|
|
Psychologist
|
18
|
21.2
|
|
Nurses
|
13
|
15.3
|
|
Therapist
|
11
|
12.9
|
|
Social workers
|
7
|
8.2
|
|
Student
|
6
|
7.1
|
|
Total
|
85
|
100
|
The
above table reveals that 30(35.3%) of the respondents were psychiatrist
18(21.2%) were psychologist 13 (15.3%) were nurse 11(12.9%) were 6(7.1%) were
student
SECTION
B
TABLE 1 OCCUPATIONAL CENTRES OF THE RESPONDENT
|
OCCUPATIONAL CENTRES
|
SEX
|
FREQUENCY
|
PERCENTAGE
|
|
Teaching
hospital
|
Male
|
18
|
21.2
|
|
|
Female
|
16
|
18.8
|
|
Specialist
hospital
|
Male
|
13
|
15.3
|
|
|
Female
|
11
|
12.9
|
|
General
hospital
|
Male
|
7
|
8.3
|
|
|
Female
|
7
|
8.2
|
|
Community
health
|
Male
|
7
|
8.1
|
|
centre
|
Female
|
6
|
7.2
|
|
Total
|
|
85
|
100
|
The
participate working at the teaching hospital 18(21.2%) were male and 16(18.8%)
were female 13 (15.3%) of the specialist
hospital participants male and 11(12.8%) were females 7(8.3%) of the general
hospital participants were male and 7(8.1%) of the community health centre
participant were male. While 6(7.2%) were female.
TABLE 2: PERCENTAGE OF THE RESPONDENTS WHO HAVE CARE
FOR MENTALLY ILL PATIENT.
|
OCCUPATIONAL CENTRES
|
SEX
|
FREQUENCY
|
PERCENTAGE
|
|
Psychiatrist
|
Yes
|
16
|
18.8
|
|
|
No
|
0
|
0
|
|
Psychologist
|
Yes
|
12
|
14.1
|
|
|
No
|
1
|
1.2
|
|
Therapist
|
Yes
|
8
|
9.3
|
|
|
No
|
4
|
4.4
|
|
Nurse
|
Yes
|
10
|
11.8
|
|
|
No
|
8
|
9.4
|
|
Social worker
|
Yes
|
10
|
11.8
|
|
|
No
|
9
|
10.6
|
|
Student
|
Yes
|
1
|
1.2
|
|
|
No
|
6
|
7.1
|
|
Total
|
|
85
|
100
|
The
table shows that out of the 85 respondent, 16(18.8%) of the psychiatrist can
cope with mentally ill patient while none of them cannot cope with them
12(14.1%) of the psychologist 12 can cope with them and 8(9.4%) cannot cope
with them 5(9.3%) of the therapist can cope with them and 4( 4.7%) cannot cope
with them 10( 11.8%) of the social worker can cope with them and 9(10.6%)
cannot cope with them 1(12%) of the student can cope with mentally ill patient.
This shows that the majority of the respondents can cope with mentally ill
patients.
Table 4: showing
the respondents, that agree of their poor feelings/ reactions towards mentally
ill patient affect them negatively.
|
RESPONSES
|
FREQUENCY
|
PERCENTAGE
|
|
It does
|
45
|
52.9
|
|
It does not
|
24
|
28.3
|
|
I don’t know
|
16
|
18.8
|
|
Total
|
85
|
100
|
This table shows that 45(52.9%) of
the respondent agreed that there feeling reactions towards mentality ill
patients affects them negatively 24(28.3%) disagree, while 16(18.8%) were
ignorance of their implication of such habit. This show that majority of the
respondents agreed that their poor feelings/ reaction towards mentally ill
patient ill patients affect them negatively.
TABLE 5: SHOWS THE FACTORS LEADINGS TO MENTAL
ILLNESS.
|
RESPONSES
|
FREQUENCY
|
PERCENTAGE
|
|
Lack of
emotional adjustment
|
15
|
17.5
|
|
Lack of social
adjustment
|
13
|
15.4
|
|
Sexual
|
10
|
11.8
|
|
Financial
problem ( constraint)
|
8
|
9.3
|
|
Drug abuse and
misuse (addict)
|
18
|
21.2
|
|
Excessive
alcohol consumption
|
4
|
4.7
|
|
Poor inter
personal relationship
|
6
|
7.1
|
|
I don’t know
|
11
|
12.9
|
|
Total
|
85
|
100
|
This
table shows that 15( 17.6%) of the respondents choose lack of emotional
adjustment as the factor leading to mental illness 13(15.4%) choose lack of
social adjustment, 10 (11.8%) choose sexual problem 8(9.3%) choose financial
problem 18(21.2%) choose drug abuse and misuse 4(4.7%) choose excessive alcohol
consumption 6(7.1%) choose poor interpersonal relationship, while 11(12.9%)
were ignorance of the implication of such factors.
Table 6: showing
the responses that human sacrifices and rituals can contributing to increase in
mental illness.
|
RESPONSES
|
FREQUENCY
|
PERCENTAGE
|
|
True
|
69
|
81.2
|
|
False
|
16
|
18.8
|
|
Total
|
85
|
100
|
The
total above shows that 69 (81.2%) of the respondents agree that human
sacrifices of money rituals can contribute to increase in mental illness. While
16(18.8%) disagree. This shows that majority agreed that it can contribute to
increase in mental illness.
TABLE 7: SHOWING THAT DRUG ABUSE 1 ADDICT IS ONE OF
THE FACTORS LEADING MENTAL ILLNESS OF THE SOCIETY.
|
RESPONSES
|
FREQUENCY
|
PERCENTAGE
|
|
Physical
problem
|
21
|
24.7
|
|
Hereditary
|
42
|
14.2
|
|
Psycho-social
problem
|
7
|
14.2
|
|
Psychological
problem
|
45
|
52.9
|
|
Total
|
85
|
100
|
The
table above shows that 21(24.7%) of the respondent believe physical problem as
the cause of mental illness 45(52.9%) believe psychological problem 12(14.2%)
believe hereditary while 7(8.2%) believe psycho-social problem. This indicates
that majority believe psychological problem as the major causes of mental illness.
TABLE 9: SHOWING THE EFFECTS OF MENTAL ILLNESS TO
THE GENERAL PUBLICS (LIVES)
|
RESPONSES
|
FREQUENCY
|
PERCENTAGE
|
|
Economic
productivity
|
9
|
10.6
|
|
Quality of
life (health)
|
13
|
15.3
|
|
Educational
|
10
|
11.8
|
|
Material
|
8
|
9.4
|
|
All of the
above
|
45
|
52.9
|
|
Total
|
85
|
100
|
The table shows
that 9(10.6%) of the respondents choose economic productivity as that aspect of
life, affected 13 (15.3%) choose quality of life (health),10(11.8%) choose
educational 8( 9.4%) choose maternal and 45(52.9%) choose all of the above. The
shows that mental illness affect economic productivity, quality of life
(health) educational of maternal because majority all of the above
TABLE 10: SHOWING CATEGORICALLY AMONG THOSE MENTAL
ILLNESS IS COMMON
|
RESPONSES
|
FREQUENCY
|
PERCENTAGE
|
|
Old age
(adult)
|
38
|
44.7
|
|
Youth
|
45
|
52.9
|
|
Infants
|
2
|
2.4
|
|
Total
|
85
|
100
|
This
table shows that 38(44.7%) of the respondents agree that mental illness is
common among the adult (old age), 45 (52.9%) agree that is common among the
youth, while 2(2.4%) are that is common among infants. It indicates that
majority agreed that mental illness common among the youth.
TABLE 11: PERCENTAGE OF THE RESPONDENT WHOM FRIENDS
OR RELATION HAVE SUFFERED FROM MENTAL ILLNESS.
|
OCCUPATION
|
RESPONSE
|
FREQUENCY
|
PERCENTAGE
|
|
Psychiatrist
|
Yes
|
0
|
0
|
|
|
No
|
20
|
23.5
|
|
Psychologist
|
Yes
|
1
|
1.2
|
|
|
No
|
2
|
2.4
|
|
Nurse
|
Yes
|
3
|
3.5
|
|
|
No
|
24
|
28.2
|
|
Therapist
|
Yes
|
2
|
2.4
|
|
|
No
|
4
|
4.7
|
|
Student
|
Yes
|
4
|
4.7
|
|
|
No
|
21
|
24.7
|
|
Total
|
|
85
|
100
|
The
above shows that none of the respondent (psychiatrist) friends and relations
have suffered from mental illness while. 20(23.5%) have not been respondents
(psychologist) friends and relations suffered from mental illness 3(3.5%) of
the respondents (nurse) friends and relations have suffered from mental illness
which 24 (28.2%) have not 2 (2.4%) friend and relations of the respondents
(therapist) have suffered from mental illness, while 4(4.7%) have not 1(1.2%)
friend/relation of the respondents (social worker) have suffered from mental
illness, while 3(3.5%) have not 4(4.7%) friends and relations of the respondent
(students) have suffered from mental illness, while 21(24.9%) have not been
suffered from mental illness.
TABLE 12: SHOWING THE TYPE OF DISORDER/ DISEASE THAT
ARISE FROM MENTAL ILLNESSES EITHER THEY ARE CURABLE OR NOT CURABLE?
|
RESPONSES
|
FREQUENCY
|
PERCENTAGE
|
|
They are
curable
|
58
|
53.2
|
|
They are not
curable
|
18
|
21.2
|
|
I don’t know
|
9
|
10.6
|
|
Total
|
85
|
100
|
The
above table reveal that 58(68.2%) of the respondent agree that health personnel
are involved in the management mental illness, while 18(21.2%) disagree. It
indicate that majority agreed that they are involved in the management of
mental illness.
TABLE 14: SHOWING VARIOUS WAYS OF PREVENTING MENTAL
ILLNESS AND IMPROVING MENTAL HEALTH?
|
RESPONSES
|
FREQUENCY
|
PERCENTAGE
|
|
Employment of
quality health personnel
|
16
|
18.5
|
|
Training/re-training
of health personnel
|
14
|
16.5
|
|
Provision of
mental health care service
|
18
|
21.2
|
|
Health
education
|
17
|
20.0
|
|
All of the
above
|
20
|
23.5
|
|
Total
|
85
|
100
|
The
table reveals that 16(18.5%) of the respondents choose employment of qualified
health personnel as the way of preventing the improving mental health 14(16.5%)
choosing training/re-training) of health personnel, 18(21.2%) choosing
provision of mental health care all the above it shows that majority choose all
of the above as the way of improving mental health.
TABLE 15: SHOWS VARIOUS TREATMENT METHOD OF MENTAL
ILLNESS.
|
RESPONSES
|
FREQUENCY
|
PERCENTAGE
|
|
Psychotherapy
|
18
|
21.2
|
|
Drug therapy
|
17
|
20.0
|
|
Brain survey
|
16
|
18.5
|
|
Electric shock
|
14
|
16.5
|
|
All of the
above
|
20
|
23.3
|
|
Total
|
85
|
100
|
The
table show that 18(21.2%) of the respondents choose psychotherapy as the best
treatment method of mental illness 17(20.0%) choose drug therapy, 16(18.5%)
choose brain surgery 14(16.5%) choose and 20(23.3%) choose all of the above.
This indicates the majority choose all of the above as treatment method of
mental illness.
TABLE 16: SHOWING THE SUGGESTION OF THE ROLE OF
COMMUNITY INDIVIDUAL IN CORRECTING/ COLLECTING MENTAL ILLNESS.
|
RESPONSES
|
FREQUENCY
|
PERCENTAGE
|
|
Nutrition
standard
|
12
|
14.1
|
|
Social
Adjustment
|
11
|
12.9
|
|
Avoidance of
alcohol drugs
|
14
|
16.5.35
|
|
Interpersonal
|
9
|
10
|
|
Relationship
|
|
|
|
Job
satisfaction
|
5
|
5.9
|
|
Emotional
Adjustment
|
13
|
15.3
|
|
Definite
choice of career
|
|
|
|
All of the
above
|
18
|
21.2
|
|
Total
|
85
|
100
|
The
table shows that 12(14.1%) of the respondents suggest on nutritional standard.
11(12.9%) suggest seal adjustment 14(16.5%) suggest avoidance of alcohol drug
9(10.6%) suggest on interpersonal relationship 5(5.9%) suggest on job
satisfaction 13(15.3%) suggest on emotional adjustment 3(3.5%) suggest definite
choice of carrier and 18(21.2%) suggest all of the above. It shows that
majority suggest all the above as the role of the community / individual in
correcting / controlling mental illness.
TABLE 18:- SHOWING THAT DO GOVERNMENTAL AND
NONGOVERNMENTAL HEALTH PERSONAL HAVE IMPACT IN REDUCTION OF MENTAL ILLNESS.
|
RESPONSES
|
FREQUENCY
|
PERCENTAGE
|
|
Yes
|
56
|
65.9
|
|
No
|
29
|
34.1
|
|
Total
|
85
|
100
|
This
table shows that 56(65.9%) felt the impact of government and non- government in
the reduction of mental illness while 29(34.1%) does not felt their impact.
This indicate that the health person
CHAPTER
FIVE
This chapter discusses the
interpretation of findings, summary conclusion, recommendation, reference and
Appendix.
5.0 DISCUSSION
This study is set out to provide insight
into the cause, effect and remedies to mental illness and social malady and
Moba Local Government Area of Ekiti State. Which area as a result of man’s day
to day conducts like drug abuse and misuse, excessive alcohol consumption human
sacrifices and money rituals.
Research question vi and ixx shows
that lack of motional adjustment drug abuse/misuse (addict) are part of the
factor leading to mental illness while 6(71%) of the respondent agreed on poor
interpersonal relationship and 11(12.9%) does not know the implication of the
factors.
Research question 111 revealed the
cause of mental illness in society and also, the investigation revealed various
treatment methods to mental illness. Intake xv III to has been revealed in the
table v that the high percentage of respondents who agree categorically that
mental illness is common among the youth than that of adults and infants.
According to table II, IV and VII
show the low percentage of the respondent who had care for mentally ill patient
and those that can cope with them as well suggesting that there is a reluctance
to care for the patients and this may be related to the fact that few of the
respondent have any friend or relation who have suffered from mental illness.
It has also been revealed in the table
XI that psychomatic disease as the most common disease that answers from mental
illness followed by neutotic disorder psychosis disorder.
Investigation revealed in the table
XII, XIII and XV that management and mental illness in the hands of individual
and community at large again the government has something to do in preventing
correcting / controlling this situation.
In general the data show that the
health personal at both teaching and specialist hospital have been exposed to
mentally ill patient when compared to the general hospital and the community
health centre (CHC) workers. Their general feeling and reaction toward mentally
ill patients are negatively poor’s was also found that there were different
reactions from family and community members. Acceptance as highest in the
family and community and decrease rapidly outwards
The higher the provision of mental
health care services by the government and the government and the knowledge
bases of these health workers, the more willing the staff would be to offer
care.
5.1 IMPLICATION
OF THE STUDY
This study suggest that in term of
scope, a wider audience can be educated through well structure health talks and
seminars which would include in service training and continuing medical
education and school curriculum specially designed for the particular target
wrap. However the fact that unites a number of health talk and seminar are
targeted as professional health workers at the government and teaching hospital
specially health workers at the psychiatric setting/hospital and the medical
student. This should empower them n to handle care of mentally ill patient more
confidently and willingly.
5.2 CONCLUSION
In respect of all above discussion
the need now on the part of the government to provide mental health care
services and to provide better structure education in form of health talks and
seminar on the items on general knowledge of mental illness include causes
factors and clinical treatment targeting all health care provisional’s, medical
students and the masses. This is to improve mental health knowledge and
provision for health care providers most efficiently and effectively.
In addition by fostering a more
positive environment where universal precautions are in effect and empathy for
mentally ill patient is treated and encourage more positive view on the case of
people suffering from mental illness would be expected.
5.3 RECOMMENDATION
In order to curb and bring under
control all those aforementioned causes
and remedies to mental illness and social malady in moba local government,
health care professionals individual and the community have important roles to
play.
Based
on the finding from this study, the following recommendation are made of the;
1.
The government
need to provide mental health care services universal precautions in effect and
imparting for mentally ill patient and most positives views on care or people
suffering from mental illness need to be treating and encourage.
2.
The government
need to put in place better structured education targeted of all the masses,
student and health care professional working in both rural and urban hospital
setting in from and health talks/ seminar in-service train, continue medical
3.
The existing law
and regulations that against drug abuse/misuse (addict) should be enforced by
the government.
4.
The practice of
health worker need to be properly monitored by the government to ensure that
personnel are distortable.
5.
The government
needs to empty more qualified and diligent health care professionals into the
health care system.
6.
The health care
professional need to create time for themselves and grain more knowledge on
mental illness
7.
All the provided
by the government to be used for the betterment and comfort living among people
suffering from mental illness.
8.
All health workers
need to create time among themselves for health takes and regular knowledge
update either through textbook, reading newspaper reading listed towards health
programme.
9.
Health care
professional need inculcate the attitude of self knowledge seeking so as to be
competent.
10.
Enough of health
education and members of the society on mental health.
COMMUNITY/INDIVIDUAL
1. The community
needs to accept health care programme that will keep them informed and educated
on how to combat the menace created by mental illnesses on our society.
2. All
information passed by the health worker should be obey and well addressed by
the community.
3. All negative
attitudes from the member of the community should be change.
4. They should
be avoidance of the factors leading to mental illnesses by the member of the
community, such as avoidance of a alcohol and drugs, sexual problem.
5. There is
needs to improve promote and maintain and nutritional standard, social and
emotional adjustment and personal relationship by the community.
REFERENCE
Abdullahi T. and others (2011): Mental illness stigma and ethnic cultural beliefs,
values and nows, wemilore press 2011.
Ayorinde A.: Mental health and everyday living Ibadan evans
brothers (Nigeria) published Ltd, 1983.
Baronet A.M
(1999): Factors associated
with caregivers burden in mental illness W.M.C brown company publisher 1999.
Bidwell, corrien
and others an approach to mental health: Health
education in the elementary school Good ear publishing company, 1972.
Chisholm D:
flisher et al and others (2007):
Scale up services for mental disorder, harpem and row publishers, 2008.
Hilgard E.R: Introduction to psychology, New york, (1970) mc
grow hill Book company 1971.
Jegede R.O: Dimension of mental health, university of Ibadan
February 1984, Maybest publication 1987.
Kessler R.C Frank R.G (1997): The impact of psychiatric disorders on work 1055
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